Documentation
| Table of Contents |
- Short Introduction
- Data Access
- Satellite Coverage
- File Format
- HOAPS Parameters
- HOAPS Code Table
- References
- Publications of our Group
- Publications using HOAPS
| 1. Short Introduction |
The new version of the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from
Satellite Data set, HOAPS-3, contains updated global fields of precipitation and evaporation
over the global ocean and all basic state variables needed for the derivation of the fluxes.
Except for the NODC/RSMAS Pathfinder SST data set, all variables are derived from SSM/I passive microwave
satellite data over the ice free global ocean.
HOAPS-3 covers the time span from 07/1987 to 12/2005, resulting in a climatology containing 18 complete years of data.
Thorough evaluation of the HOAPS-II climatology resulted in the development of a new precipitation-algorithm, improving the global freshwater balance in HOAPS. Other changes in HOAPS-3 are the integration of the Version 5 NODC/RSMAS Pathfinder SST data set and a new procedure to synthesize the defective 85 GHz channels on DMSP-F08.
Previous improvements in HOAPS-II, such as the utilization of multi-satellite averages, inter-satellite calibration, and an efficient sea ice detection procedure are kept, resulting in homogeneous and reliable spatial and temporal fields.
Thorough evaluation of the HOAPS-II climatology resulted in the development of a new precipitation-algorithm, improving the global freshwater balance in HOAPS. Other changes in HOAPS-3 are the integration of the Version 5 NODC/RSMAS Pathfinder SST data set and a new procedure to synthesize the defective 85 GHz channels on DMSP-F08.
Previous improvements in HOAPS-II, such as the utilization of multi-satellite averages, inter-satellite calibration, and an efficient sea ice detection procedure are kept, resulting in homogeneous and reliable spatial and temporal fields.
Available HOAPS data products are:
HOAPS-G: The default spatial resolution of HOAPS-G is 0.5 degrees on a global grid. Pentade, monthly and
climatological monthly means are available, constisting of multi-satellite averages including all SSM/I instruments available at the same time (see section 3).
The HOAPS-G data set is freely available for application by other scientific groups via the CERA database system (see section 2).
HOAPS-C: This data set contains 1 degree twice daily globally gridded multi-satellite composite products, providing high temporal resolution. Each grid-cell contains data from only one satellite pass, there is no average from two or more satellites. Early passes are overwritten by later passes. This method provides more spatial homogeneity than averaging all available data. The fields are stored for 0-12 and 12-24 UTC. Timesteps in the data files are at 0 UTC (0-12 UTC overpasses) and 12 UTC (12-24 UTC overpasses). Each grid-cell contains the average of data from the satellite that passed this gridbox closest to 12 and 24 UTC, respectively.
HOAPS-S: The HOAPS-S data set contains all retrieved physical parameters in the original SSM/I scan resolution for every individual satellite and is intended for the use in case studies or comparison experiments. HOAPS-S data is used as input to obtain HOAPS-G and replaces the former available daily means of HOAPS version one. HOAPS-S is not available via the CERA Gateway due to the large amount of data (approx. 13GByte per year and satellite). We will provide the HOAPS-S data on request via Email () for specified limited time periods of about one month.
| 2. Data Access |
The HOAPS-G datafiles are distributed via the CERA (Climate and
Environmental Data Retrieval and Archive) database system of the Model and
Data group hosted at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology in
Hamburg. If you need a CERA account please follow the instructions given at the CERA Gateway.
Download HOAPS-3 from the CERA database-system:
HOAPS-G monthly
HOAPS-G pentad
HOAPS-C twice daily
If you use HOAPS-3 data in your publications, always quote the citation provided in the CERA database-system.
| 3. Satellite Coverage |
HOAPS-3 is a multi satellite product consisting of all available SSM/I instruments providing utilisable data.
The satellites used for the
derivation of each parameter are saved within the data files (see section 4). The period of record is as follows:
| satellite id | start date | end date |
|---|---|---|
| F08 | 1987-07-09 | 1991-12-31 |
| F10 | 1991-01-07 | 1996-12-31 |
| F11 | 1992-01-01 | 1999-12-31 |
| F13 | 1995-09-01 | 2005-12-31 |
| F14 | 1997-06-01 | 2005-12-31 |
| F15 | 2000-03-01 | 2005-12-31 |
| 4. File Format |
The HOAPS-II datafiles are available in standard netCDF format. The files are created using
CF-1.0
Metadata conventions. If you are not familiar with the netCDF format please refer to the
netCDF Homepage. There you
will find all necessary documentation and software or links to software for reading, manipulating and
displaying netCDF files.
Naming conventions
Monthly means:
All monthly mean products are distributed in separate yearly files. Therefore one monthly mean netCDF datafile consists of 12 time records and the shortest time period available is one year. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
All monthly mean products are distributed in separate yearly files. Therefore one monthly mean netCDF datafile consists of 12 time records and the shortest time period available is one year. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
| HOAPS3_MONTHLY_PPPP_X.nc: | PPPP | - four letter parameter code (see section 6) |
| X | - Time period index 1987=1, 2005=19 |
Pentad means:
All pentad (5-day) mean products are distributed in separate monthly files. The first day of a 5-day average period determines the monthly file wherein it is saved. Each year is subdivided in 73 pentads starting at the same day of the year. During leap years, the twelfth pentad (starting at February 25) is the average of six days. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
All pentad (5-day) mean products are distributed in separate monthly files. The first day of a 5-day average period determines the monthly file wherein it is saved. Each year is subdivided in 73 pentads starting at the same day of the year. During leap years, the twelfth pentad (starting at February 25) is the average of six days. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
| HOAPS3_PENTAD_PPPP_x.nc: | PPPP | - four letter parameter code (see section 6) |
| X | - Time period index 1987-01=1, 2005-12=228 |
Twice daily composites:
All twice daily composite products are distributed in separate monthly files containing two timesteps per day. The time steps (variable "time") are 0UTC and 12UTC for each day. For these timesteps in each grid cell contains pixels from 0-12UTC and 12-24UTC, respectively. The variable "dtime" holds the exact observation time (in seconds from midnight) for each gridbox. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
All twice daily composite products are distributed in separate monthly files containing two timesteps per day. The time steps (variable "time") are 0UTC and 12UTC for each day. For these timesteps in each grid cell contains pixels from 0-12UTC and 12-24UTC, respectively. The variable "dtime" holds the exact observation time (in seconds from midnight) for each gridbox. The files extracted from the CERA archive, will follow this naming conventions:
| HOAPS3_DAILY_PPPP_X.nc: | PPPP | - four letter parameter code (see section 6) |
| X | - Time period index 1987-01-01=1, 2005-12-31=228 |
Decoding of parameter
In order to save disk space, all time dependent 2-dimensional fields are stored with netCDF data type short (16 Bit).
The encoding/decoding follows the standard netCDF conventions. If the attributes scale_factor and add_offset are present for
a variable, the data has to be scaled first and then the offset is added. Missing values have to be filtered before decoding.
Variables
Each netCDF datafile contains the following variables (unless otherwise noted):
| time | first day of average time period, days counted from 01-01-1987 | |
| latitude | geographical latitude of grid-box centre | |
| longitude | geographical longitude of grid-box centre | |
| pppp | monthly mean, the name depends on the parameter (see section 6 for the code table) | |
| numo | number of observations counted during the average period (not available for budg) | |
| numd | number of days with at least one observation counted during the average period (not available for budg) (HOAPS-G only) | |
| stdv | root mean squared variance (not available for budg) (HOAPS-G only) | |
| sids | comma separated satellite id string of all SSM/I instruments used to compute this monthly mean (HOAPS-G only) | |
| dtime | Time of day for observation in gridbox (HOAPS-C only) | |
| satid | satellite id SSM/I instrument used to compute values in gridbox (HOAPS-C only) |
Global attributes
Each netCDF datafile contains the following global attributes:
| title | dataset title, "HOAPS-G" for all files containing gridded averages | |
| Conventions | conventions followed, "CF-1.0" for all files | |
| references | link to the HOAPS homepage | |
| institution | institution where the data was produced | |
| source | data source, "satellite observations" | |
| Major_Version_Number | Major release version | |
| Minor_Version_Number | Minor release version | |
| Parameter_Name | specific parameter name (see section 6 for the code table) | |
| Parameter_ID | specific parameter ID (see section 6 for the code table) | |
| Average_Period | period of average: month for monthly means, day for x-day means | |
| Average_Period_Length | length of one average period: 1 for monthly means, 5 for pentade means, ... | |
| Average_Origin | origin of average period, "year" for all files | |
| Average_Orbit_Segment | satellite orbits used for this mean, "ascending+descending" for all files | |
| Average_Map_Resolution | spatial resolution in arc minutes, default HOAPS resolution is 30 arc minutes (0.5 degrees) | |
| File_Type | temporal file splitting, "year": all means of one year are stored in this file, "month": all means of one month are stored in this file | |
| history | creation time of this file, format is: DD/MM/YYYY (JLD) hh:mm:ss |
Variable attributes
The netCDF variables can contain one ore more of the following attributes:
| long_name | long descriptive name | |
| unit | physical unit | |
| C_format | format string that should be used for C applications to print values for this variable, applies to the scaled (internal) type and value | |
| FORTRAN_format | format string that should be used for FORTRAN applications to print values for this variable, applies to the scaled (internal) type and value | |
| valid_min | smallest valid value of a variable | |
| valid_max | largest valid value of a variable | |
| scale_factor | The data are to be multiplied by this factor after it is read. | |
| add_offset | This number is to be added to the data after it is read. If scale_factor is present, the data are first scaled before the offset is added. | |
| _FillValue | This number represent missing or undefined data. Missing values are to be filtered before scaling. |
| 5. HOAPS Parameters |
Wind speed at 10m height [m/s]
| Acronym: | WIND | |
| Reference: | new developed algorithm (not published yet) | |
| Comment: | This new windspeed algorithm uses a neural network to derive the windspeed at 10m height above the sea surface from SSM/I measurements. It consists of 3 layers: an input layer with 5 neurons (19V, 19H, 22V, 37V, 37H), a hidden layer with 3 neurons and an output layer with one neuron (windspeed). The network was trained with a composite dataset of buoy measurements and radiative transfer simulations. |
Near surface specific humidity [g/kg]
| Acronym: | HAIR | |
| Reference: | Bentamy et al. (2003) |
Precipitation [mm/d]
| Acronym: | RAIN | |
| Reference: | neural net based algorithm (not published yet) | |
| Comment: | From 04/1988 to 12/1991 the SSM/I on DMSP-F08 was defective, thus synthesized 85 GHz brightness temperatures are used to derive this paramter, resulting in limited accuracy for some values. |
Vertically integrated water vapour [kg/m**2]
| Acronym: | WVPA | |
| Reference: | Schlüssel and Emery (1990) |
Vertically integrated total (ice+liquid) water [kg/m**2]
| Acronym: | TWPA | |
| Reference: | Bauer and Schlüssel (1993) | |
| Comment: | From 04/1988 to 12/1991 the SSM/I on DMSP-F08 was defective, thus synthesized 85 GHz brightness temperatures are used to derive this paramter, resulting in limited accuracy for some values. |
Vertically integrated liquid water [kg/m**2]
| Acronym: | LWPA | |
| Reference: | Bauer (1992) | |
| Comment: | From 04/1988 to 12/1991 the SSM/I on DMSP-F08 was defective, thus synthesized 85 GHz brightness temperatures are used to derive this paramter, resulting in limited accuracy for some values. |
Sea surface temperature [deg C]
| Acronym: | ASST | |
| Reference: | Kenneth (2004) | |
| Comment: | At first daily maps of SST are created using data from the NODC/RSMAS AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder SST product (see methodology). Afterwards the SST is sampled like all other SSM/I atmospheric parameters. This results in SST fields as would be seen by the SSM/I and therefore leading to an internal consistent dataset. This methodology may lead to differences compared to monthly means from the Pathfinder data within data sparse areas. |
Sea surface saturation specific humidity [g/kg]
| Acronym: | HSEA | |
| Reference: | Magnus formula applied to the SST | |
| Comment: | Salinity correction is applied by scaling the value from pure water with a factor of 0.98. |
Longwave net flux at sea surface [W/m**2]
| Acronym: | FNET | |
| Reference: | Schlüssel et al. (1995) | |
| Comment: | From 04/1988 to 12/1991 the SSM/I on DMSP-F08 was defective, thus synthesized 85 GHz brightness temperatures are used to derive this paramter, resulting in limited accuracy for some values. |
Difference in humidity [g/kg]
| Acronym: | DHUM | |
| Reference: | sea surface saturation specific humidity - near surface specific humidity |
Latent heat transfer coefficient (Dalton number) [-]
| Acronym: | TRCE | |
| Reference: | parameterisation: Fairall (1996) |
Latent heat flux at sea surface [W/m**2]
| Acronym: | LATE | |
| Reference: | bulk formula, parameterisation scheme: Fairall (1996) |
Sensible heat flux at sea surface [W/m**2]
| Acronym: | HEAT | |
| Reference: | bulk formula, parameterisation scheme: Fairall (1996) | |
| Comment: | The air temperature is derived using the mean of two simple bulk approaches: From the near surface specific humidity assuming a constant relative humidity of 80% at any time and from the SST assuming a constant temperature difference of 1K. Therefore the quality of this parameter may be of limited accuracy under certain conditions. |
Evaporation [mm/d]
| Acronym: | EVAP | |
| Reference: | bulk formula, parameterisation scheme: Fairall (1996) |
Freshwater flux [mm/d]
| Acronym: | BUDG | |
| Reference: | evaporation-precipitation | |
| Comment: | The freshwater flux of each grid box is computed as the difference between the averaged evaporation and the averaged precipitation, hence no statistical variables (numo, numd, stdv) available. |
| 6. HOAPS Code Table |
| HOAPS ID | Acronym | Description | Unit | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | WIND | Wind speed at 10m height | m/s | |||
| 1 | HAIR | Near surface specific humidity | g/kg | |||
| 2 | RAIN | Precipitation | mm/d | |||
| 3 | WVPA | Vertically integrated water vapour | kg/m**2 | |||
| 4 | TWPA | Vertically integrated total (ice+liquid) water | kg/m**2 | |||
| 6 | LWPA | Vertically integrated liquid water | kg/m**2 | |||
| 30 | ASST | Sea surface temperature | deg C | |||
| 31 | HSEA | Sea surface saturation specific humidity | g/kg | |||
| 60 | FNET | Longwave net flux at sea surface | W/m**2 | |||
| 61 | DHUM | Difference in humidity | g/kg | |||
| 64 | TRCE | Latent heat transfer coefficient (Dalton number) | - | |||
| 65 | LATE | Latent heat flux at sea surface | W/m**2 | |||
| 66 | HEAT | Sensible heat flux at sea surface | W/m**2 | |||
| 67 | EVAP | Evaporation | mm/d | |||
| 68 | BUDG | Freshwater flux | mm/d |
| 7. References |
Bauer, P, 1992:
Bauer, P. and P. Schlüssel, 1993:
Bentamy A., K. B. Katsaros, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, W. M. Drennan, E. B. Forde, H. Roquet, 2003:
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, G. S. Young, 1996:
Kenneth, S. C., 2004:
Kilpatrick, K. A., G. P. Podestá, R. Evans, 2001:
Schlüssel, P., W. J. Emery, 1990:
Schlüssel, P., L. Schanz, and G. Englisch, 1995:
Schlüssel, P., 1996:
Schulz, J., J. Meywerk, S. Ewald, P. Schlüssel, 1997:
Wasserdampf, Gesamtwasser und Niederschlagsrate aus Daten passiver Mikrowellenradiometer über dem Ozean., Forschungsbericht, ISSN 0939-2963, DLR, Köln, 122 pp.
Bauer, P. and P. Schlüssel, 1993:
Rainfall, Total Water, Ice Water, and Water Vapor Over Sea From Polarized Microwave Simulations and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager Data., J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20737-20759.
Bentamy A., K. B. Katsaros, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, W. M. Drennan, E. B. Forde, H. Roquet, 2003:
Satellite Estimates of Wind Speed and Latent Heat Flux over the Global Oceans., Journal of Climate, 16, 637-656.
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, G. S. Young, 1996:
Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment., J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.
Kenneth, S. C., 2004:
Global AVHRR 4 km SST for 1985-2001, Pathfinder v5.0, NODC Accession Numbers 0001763-0001864: Pathfinder AVHRR Pathfinder AVHRR Version 5.0, NODC/RSMAS, NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Kilpatrick, K. A., G. P. Podestá, R. Evans, 2001:
Overview of the NOAA/NASA advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database., J. Geophys. Res., 106, 9179-9197.
Schlüssel, P., W. J. Emery, 1990:
Atmospheric water vapour over oceans from SSM/I measurements., Int. J. Remote Sensing, 11, 753-766.
Schlüssel, P., L. Schanz, and G. Englisch, 1995:
Retrieval of latent heat fluxes and longwave irradiance at the sea surface from SSM/I and AVHRR measurements., Adv. Space Res., 16, 107-116.
Schlüssel, P., 1996:
Satellite remote sensing of evaporation over sea. Radiation and Water in the Climate System: Remote measurements, edited by Erhard Raschke., NATO ASI Series, Vol. 145, Springer Verlag Heidelberg, 431-461.
Schulz, J., J. Meywerk, S. Ewald, P. Schlüssel, 1997:
Evaluation of Satellite-Derived Latent Heat Fluxes., Journal of Climate, 10, 2782-2795.
| 8. Publications of our Group |
Andersson, Axel; Bakan, Stephan; Fennig, Karsten; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2007:
Andersson, Axel; Bakan, Stephan; Fennig, Karsten; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2007:
Andersson, Axel; Bakan, Stephan; Fennig, Karsten; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2007:
Bakan, S., V. Jost, K. Fennig, 2000:
Fennig, Karsten; Bakan, Stephan; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2006:
Fennig, Karsten; Bakan, Stephan; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2006:
Grassl H., V. Jost, R. Kumar, J. Schulz, P. Bauer, P. Schluessel, 2000:
Jost, V., 2000:
Jost, V., S. Bakan, K. Fennig, 2002:
Keup-Thiel E., Klepp C. P., Raschke E., Rockel B., 2003:
Klepp, C., S. Bakan, 2000:
Klepp, C. P., 2001:
Klepp, C. P., S. Bakan, H. Graßl, 2003:
Klepp, C. P., S. Bakan, H. Graßl, 2005:
Schulz, J. and S. Bakan, 1998:
Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS-3 - monthly mean., electronic publication, World Data Center for Climate, doi:10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS3_MONTHLY.
Andersson, Axel; Bakan, Stephan; Fennig, Karsten; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2007:
Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS-3 - 5-days mean., electronic publication, World Data Center for Climate, doi:10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS3_PENTAD.
Andersson, Axel; Bakan, Stephan; Fennig, Karsten; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2007:
Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS-3 - twice daily composite., electronic publication, World Data Center for Climate, doi:10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS3_DAILY.
Bakan, S., V. Jost, K. Fennig, 2000:
Satellite Derived Water Balance Climatology for the North Atlantic: First Results., Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 25, 121-128.
Fennig, Karsten; Bakan, Stephan; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2006:
Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS II - monthly mean., electronic publication, WDCC, doi:10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS2_MONTHLY.
Fennig, Karsten; Bakan, Stephan; Grassl, Hartmut; Klepp, Christian-Phillip; Schulz, Joerg, 2006:
Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data - HOAPS II - 5-days mean., electronic publication, WDCC, doi:10.1594/WDCC/HOAPS2_PENTAD.
Grassl H., V. Jost, R. Kumar, J. Schulz, P. Bauer, P. Schluessel, 2000:
The Hamburg Ocean-Atmosphere Parameteres and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS): A Climatological Atlas of Satellite-Derived Air-Sea-Interaction Parameters over the Oceans., Report No. 312, ISSN 0937-1060, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg [download].
Jost, V., 2000:
HOAPS: Eine neue Klimatologie des Süßwasserflusses an der Meeresoberfläche abgeleitet aus Satellitendaten., Examensarbeit, Nr. 77, ISSN 0938-5177, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 134 pp.
Jost, V., S. Bakan, K. Fennig, 2002:
HOAPS - A new satellite-derived freshwater flux climatology., Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 11, 61-70.
Keup-Thiel E., Klepp C. P., Raschke E., Rockel B., 2003:
Regional model simulation of the North Atlantic cyclone "Caroline" and comparisons with satellite data., Annales Geophysicae, 21, 655-659.
Klepp, C., S. Bakan, 2000:
Satellite Derived Energy and Water Cycle Components in North Atlantic Cyclones., Phys. Chem. Earth (B), 25, 65-68.
Klepp, C. P., 2001:
Komponenten des Wasserkreislaufs in Zyklonen aus Satellitendaten - Niederschlagsfallstudien., Examensarbeit, Nr. 82, ISSN 0938-5177, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 161 pp.
Klepp, C. P., S. Bakan, H. Graßl, 2003:
Improvements of Satllite-Derived Cyclonic Rainfall over the North Atlantic., Journal of Climate, 16, 657-669.
Klepp, C. P., S. Bakan, H. Graßl, 2005:
Missing North Atlantic cyclonic precipitation in ECMWF numerical weather prediction and ERA-40 data detected through the satellite climatology HOAPS II., Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14, 809-821, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0088.
Schulz, J. and S. Bakan, 1998:
A new satellite-derived freshwater flux climatology (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and fluxes from Satellite data)., International WOCE Newsletter, 32, 20-26.
| 9. Publications using HOAPS |
Brunke, M. A., C. W. Fairall, X. Zeng, L. Eymard, J. A. Curry, 2003:
Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, C.-L. Shie, 2003:
Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, 2004:
Curry, J. A. , A. Bentamy, M. A. Bourassa, D. Bourras, E. F. Bradley, M. Brunke, S. Castro, S. H. Chou, C. A. Clayson, W. J. Emery, L. Eymard, C. W. Fairall, M. Kubota, B. Lin, W. Perrie, R. A. Reeder, I. A. Renfrew, W. B. Rossow, J. Schulz, S. R. Smith, P. J. Webster, G. A. Wick, X. Zeng, 2004:
Gershunov, A., R. Roca, 2004:
Kubota M., Kano A., Muramatsu H., Tomita H., 2003:
Ramesh Kumar, M. R., J. Schulz, 2002:
Ramesh Kumar, M. R., S. Sankar, K. Fennig, D. S. Pai, J. Schulz, 2005:
Röske, F., 2006:
Rutgersson, A., A. Omstedt, Y. Chen, 2005:
Sohn, B. J., E. A. Smith, F. R. Robertson, S. C. Park, 2004:
Which Bulk Aerodynamic Algorithms are Least Problematic in Computing Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes., Journal of Climate, 16, 619-635.
Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, C.-L. Shie, 2003:
Surface turbulent heat and momentum fluxes over global oceans based on the Goddard Satellite retrievals, version 2 (GSSTF2)., Journal of Climate, 16, 3256-3273.
Chou, S.-H., E. Nelkin, J. Ardizzone, R. M. Atlas, 2004:
A comparison of latent heat fluxes over global oceans for four flux products., Journal of Climate, 17, 3973-3989, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3973:ACOLHF>2.0.CO;2.
Curry, J. A. , A. Bentamy, M. A. Bourassa, D. Bourras, E. F. Bradley, M. Brunke, S. Castro, S. H. Chou, C. A. Clayson, W. J. Emery, L. Eymard, C. W. Fairall, M. Kubota, B. Lin, W. Perrie, R. A. Reeder, I. A. Renfrew, W. B. Rossow, J. Schulz, S. R. Smith, P. J. Webster, G. A. Wick, X. Zeng, 2004:
Seaflux, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 409-424, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-3-409.
Gershunov, A., R. Roca, 2004:
Coupling of latent heat flux and the greenhouse effect by large-scale tropical/subtropical dynamics diagnosed in a set of observations and model simulations., Climate Dynamics, 22, 205-222.
Kubota M., Kano A., Muramatsu H., Tomita H., 2003:
Intercomparison of various surface latent heat flux fields., Journal of Climate, 16, 670-678.
Ramesh Kumar, M. R., J. Schulz, 2002:
Analysis of freshwater flux climatology over the Indian Ocean using the HOAPS data., Remote Sensing of Environment, 80, 363-372.
Ramesh Kumar, M. R., S. Sankar, K. Fennig, D. S. Pai, J. Schulz, 2005:
Air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean during the contrasting monsoon years 2002 and 2003., Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14821, doi:10.1029/2005GL022587.
Röske, F., 2006:
A global heat and freshwater forcing dataset for ocean models, Ocean Modelling, 11, 235-297, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.12.005.
Rutgersson, A., A. Omstedt, Y. Chen, 2005:
Evaluation of the heat balance components over the Baltic Sea using four gridded meteorological databases and direct observations, Nordic Hydrology, 36, 381-396.
Sohn, B. J., E. A. Smith, F. R. Robertson, S. C. Park, 2004:
Derived Over-Ocean Water Vapor Transports from Satellite-Retrived E - P Datasets., Journal of Climate, 17, 1352-1365.